A new observational study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders suggests that drinking coffee in moderation (about 2 to 3 cups per day) may be associated with a lower risk of developing anxiety and depression. The findings indicate that individuals who consume coffee in this moderate range are the least likely to experience mental health problems when compared to those who do not drink coffee at all or those who consume more than 3 cups daily. This points toward a potential protective effect of balanced coffee intake on overall mental well-being.This research tracked health outcomes data over a period of 13.4 years from 461,586 participants enrolled in the UK Biobank. The study focused on the relationship between coffee intake (instant, ground, and decaffeinated varieties) and the incidence of mood and stress-related disorders. These conditions were identified using hospital records classified under ICD-10 diagnostic codes.Over the study period, 18,220 participants developed mood disorders, while 18,547 were diagnosed with stress disorders. Using advanced statistical models this study identified a distinct J-shaped relationship between coffee consumption and mental health outcomes.This pattern suggests that moderate coffee intake was associated with the lowest risk of both mood and stress disorders. In contrast, both low and high levels of consumption were linked to comparatively higher risks, although still within varying ranges.The protective association between moderate coffee consumption and mood disorders appeared stronger in men than in women, with statistical analysis indicating significance. However, when this study examined whether genetic differences in caffeine metabolism influenced these associations, they found no meaningful effect. While some earlier studies suggested coffee might exacerbate anxiety or sleep-related issues, others pointed to potential cognitive and mood benefits. By leveraging a higher sample size and long-term follow-up, this analysis provides more robust evidence supporting a balanced perspective.This research caution that the findings do not establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship. Other lifestyle factors like diet, physical activity, and socioeconomic status, may also play a role, despite this study attempting to adjust for many of these variables. Overall, the results of this study contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that moderate coffee consumption could be part of a healthy lifestyle.Source:Song, B. R., Xu, X., Chen, J., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., Han, C., Dong, H., Gao, X., & Sun, L. (2026). Daily coffee drinking and mental health outcomes: Sex differences and the role of caffeine metabolism genotypes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 399(120992), 120992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120992